All Posts in

October 4, 2023 - Comments Off on The Machine is rigged – a deep dive into AI-powered screening systems and the biases they perpetuate

The Machine is rigged – a deep dive into AI-powered screening systems and the biases they perpetuate

By Nabeera Hussain

We live in a world largely dictated by algorithms. An algorithm predetermines what content we watch on Instagram; it determines which route we take on our daily work commute, and now algorithms decide whether we are eligible for a job or more likely to commit fraud.

A recent joint investigation between WIRED and the media non-profit Lighthouse Reports revealed that a machine learning algorithm deployed by the city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands in 2017 to detect benefit fraud for citizens on state welfare discriminated based on gender and ethnicity.

The algorithm worked by assigning a welfare-baed 'risk score' to people. The score measured the likelihood of the individual committing welfare fraud based not only on factors like age, gender, and fluency in the Dutch language but also on more invasive data such as marital status, love life, hobbies and interests, appearance, financial background as well as emotional and behavioural responses.

By playing around with the input attributes of the risk-score algorithm, one could intuitively see that certain attributes contributed to a higher risk score than others. The investigative report analysed two fictional individuals: Sara, a single mother of two children, and Yusef, an unemployed immigrant with limited Dutch language proficiency. In both cases, being a female, immigrant, having children, having weak Dutch language skills, struggling to find a job, and coming out of a relationship as a single parent would drastically increase your risk score and decrease your chances of getting welfare compared to an average male. According to the report:

"If our typical Rotterdam male were female, she'd move up 4,542 spots closer to a possible investigation. If she had two children, she would move another 2,134 spaces up the list. If she were single but coming out of a long-term relationship, that's another 3,267 spots. Struggling to pay bills? That's another 1,959 places closer to potential investigation.

If he were a migrant who, like Yusef, spoke Arabic and not Dutch, he would move up 3,396 spots on the risk list. If he, too, lives in a majority migrant neighbourhood in an apartment with roommates, he would move 5,245 spots closer to potential investigation. If his caseworker is sceptical, he will find a job in Rotterdam; he’d move up another 3,290 spots.” 8

In Austria, an ASM algorithm, regarded as a "prime example for discrimination”10 by various researchers, was used to predict job seekers' chances to reintegrate into the Austrian job market. The algorithm was shown to attribute negative coefficients to applicants that were labelled as "female," "over the age of 50", or had some form of "health impairment." On the contrary, data points corresponding to the attributes "male, " under 30 years old", or "able-bodied" were assigned neutral coefficients that couldn't be categorised as positive or negative.

The coefficients were directly proportional to the "reintegration value," a marker determining the job seeker's likelihood of returning to the job market. The reintegration value was then used to categorize the applicants into different categories. The individuals with a low integration value were classified into group C, a special group that separated them from the job centre system and placed them into a support group for their psychosocial well-being. Individuals with a mediocre reintegration value were assigned to group B, which still made them ineligible to apply for a job directly but did entitle them to the most expensive job support.

The issue with using AI to automate and screen individuals lies mainly in the fact that the data used to train these models is sourced from the real world, where discrimination and bias are inherent. In our context, we can define ”biases" as a “discrepancy between what the epistemic foundation of a data-based algorithmic system is supposed to represent and what it does represent."2

Bias can be voluntary or involuntary and can be introduced at any stage of the machine-learning process. It could be in the form of mislabelled training data or data missing altogether. AI researcher Moritz Hardt argues that "dominant groups tend to be favored by automated decision-making processes because more data is available and therefore receive fairer, more representative, and accurate decisions/ predictions, than minority groups for which data sets are limited.”5

An automated hiring system built for a company in the US that is biased towards hiring white males would, with high probability, be predominantly trained on data from white and male individuals. If you use the system to screen individuals from other races and gender identities, the system would automatically reject them. This is because while the algorithm produces results with confidence, it is only doing so in accordance with the nature of the data supplied to it by human agents. It will not and can not question the relevance or morality of the data fed into it. Historical training data can only use people’s knowledge from the past to make decisions about people in the present.

The algorithms also don't factor in intersectionality, i.e., the idea that "differences in risk/merit, while acknowledged, are frequently due to systemic structural disadvantages such as racism, sexism, inter-generational poverty, the school-to-prison pipeline, mass incarceration, and the prison-industrial complex.”3 Algorithms, instead, assume the infra-marginality principle, which legitimises disparities in risk and merit between certain social groups by assuming that society is a level playing field.

To an algorithm like the one employed by Rotterdam or the ASM algorithm in Austria, the entire human experience is reduced to a singular numeric value or boolean variable. These values and variables are then fed to algorithmic "black boxes" riddled with human error and involuntary bias, which outputs what the person's destiny would be. While in the real world, a person who does not conform to predefined societal roles has the chance to challenge and persuade actual humans in the hiring team to look beyond their preconceived biases with an algorithm that is just a collection of binary 1s and 0s that becomes impossible.

To an algorithm trained on data reflecting discriminatory screening practices, the only thing that matters is the attributes used to predict an outcome; thus, the prospects of every individual are predetermined based on factors entirely beyond their control. The ASM algorithm need not look beyond the fact the candidate it is analysing is either a woman, a 50-year-old or has a disability. If any of the labels apply to you by virtue of being human, you are automatically a reject.

Proponents of such AI systems and algorithms argue that decision machines depict reality as it is. They are neutral algorithms that mimic real-world decision-making, and they should be appreciated for the efficiency with which they can do so. It is a well-known fact that human beings trust the decisions made by machines because of the facade of neutrality and objectivity that algorithms uphold. 9

However, the arguments made in favour of automated AI systems repeatedly ignore the fact that the pushback by policymakers and AI regulation bodies is not concerned with the algorithm's neutrality, accuracy, or efficiency - these are already established, but rather how, in a world that's already so unequal and divided, the same neutrality, accuracy, and efficiency would only go on to scale these inequalities up times ten and solidify the unequal power structures and social hierarchies in place. These systems, owing to the lack of transparency surrounding their use and inner workings, when used to determine the fates of real people, not only threaten the human experience but disregard several human rights.

One such right violated is the right to "informational self-determination." An individual - unaware that their gender, racial or sexual identity is used to classify them into castes and categories- cannot influence the classification methodology. They are stripped of their autonomy and free will to carve out their own destinies and choose their desired career paths since the algorithms have already decided their fate for them using unknown ways even to the people who made those algorithms.

In 2010, Eli Pariser introduced the term "filter bubble" to describe the phenomenon of tech consumers being stuck in their ideological echo chambers due to personalisation algorithms that only reinforce a person's beliefs rather than present them with alternate viewpoints. Just like recommendation algorithms in advertising "choose" your next product for you based on invasive tracking data that has been collected against your will through cookies and web trackers - data which is then used to compare buying histories of people with similar traits, demographics, and personality types as you - hiring algorithms, if not regulated, will get to "choose" your job for you too.

Researchers have proposed several interventions to make AI algorithms abide by an intersectional framework. The problem with prevailing bias mitigation methods is that they focus on discrimination along a single axis, i.e., gender, race, age, or income level. They treat each attribute as an independent entity rather than acknowledging how each attribute correlates intricately.

One proposed criterion to counter these gaps in bias mitigation is differential fairness, which "measures the fairness cost" of a machine learning algorithm. The cost is determined by the difference in the probabilities of the outcomes, i.e., "…regardless of the combination of protected attributes, the probabilities of the outcomes will be similar, as measured by the ratios versus other possible values of those variables. For example, the probability of being given a loan would be similar regardless of a protected group's intersecting combination of gender, race, and nationality…”. 7 There has also been research conducted on using pre-trained classifiers explicitly developed for low representation, minority classes in datasets which demonstrates that such an approach could improve the accuracy of results for both the intersectionality and non-intersectionality classes in a dataset. 6

Bodies like the EC have proposed several guidelines in their AI White Paper to make AI systems bias-free by focusing on the biases introduced through training datasets. "Requirements to take reasonable measures aimed at ensuring that such subsequent use of AI systems does not lead to outcomes entailing prohibited discrimination. These requirements could entail obligations to use data sets that are sufficiently representative, especially to ensure that all relevant dimensions of gender [...]are appropriately reflected in those data sets”.4

Thus, the first step towards fair and responsible AI screening systems is introducing and implementing proper legislation to mitigate intersectionality bias right at the beginning of the screening stage by correcting the data itself. It must be kept in mind that fairness and transparency must go beyond the algorithms themselves and also apply to the human data handlers and decision-makers because, ultimately, it's the way the data is used as opposed to the way it's produced that produces any tangible impact on civil society. Increasing female representation in AI research and development would help introduce diverse narratives, weaken generalisations, and create more accurate algorithms that produce more equitable outcomes.

Recently, a job applicant screening tool called Workday AI, which several Fortune 500 companies use, was sued in the US by a black applicant over 50 with a history of anxiety and depression. 1 The applicant claimed that the platform discriminates against black, disabled, and older job seekers. He was always rejected despite applying for "some 80 to 100 jobs" at different companies that he believed used Workday software. The lawsuit states that the Workday screening tools enable customers to make discriminatory and subjective judgments when reviewing and evaluating job applicants. If someone does not pass these screenings, they will not progress in hiring.

Some MNCs that use this platform also have a prominent presence in Pakistan, a country that doesn't even have a dedicated data protection law. One can only imagine the implications of the widespread use of such systems in a country with one of the worst human rights records. A country whose corporate sectors are riddled with allegations of nepotism, bias, workplace abuse, and discrimination, and a country that has a long way to go in achieving gender parity.

Citations

  1. AIAAIC - Workday AI Job Screening Tool. www.aiaaic.org/aiaaic-repository/ai-and-algorithmic-incidents-and-controversies/workday-ai-job-screening-tool.
  2. Barocas, Solon et al.: Fairness and machine learning. Limitations and Opportunities, fairmlbook.org 2019 (work in progress), introduction
  3. Crenshaw, Kimberle. "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989]." Feminist Legal Theory, 2018, pp. 57–80, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480-5.
  4. European Commission: White Paper On Artificial Intelligence. COM(2020) 65 final, 2020, p.19.
  5. Hardt, Moritz: How big data is unfair. In: Medium 2014, https://medium.com/@mrtz/how-big-data-is-unfair-9aa544d739de (February 6, 2021).
  6. Howard, Ayanna M. et al. "Addressing bias in machine learning algorithms: A pilot study on emotion recognition for intelligent systems." 2017 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) (2017): 1-7.
  7. Islam, Rashidul, et al. "Differential Fairness: An Intersectional Framework for Fair AI." Entropy, vol. 25, no. 4, Apr. 2023, p. 660. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040660.
  8. Mehrotra, Dhruv, et al. "Inside the Suspicion Machine." WIRED, 6 Mar. 2023, www.wired.com/story/welfare-state-algorithms.
  9. University of Georgia. "People may trust computers more than humans: New research shows that people are more likely to rely on algorithms." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 April 2021. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210413114040.htm.
  10. Wimmer, Barbara. “Der AMS-Algorithmus Ist Ein „Paradebeispiel Für Diskriminierung“.” Futurezone, 22 Oct. 2018, futurezone.at/netzpolitik/der-ams-algorithmus-ist-ein-paradebeispiel-fuer-diskriminierung/400147421.

October 4, 2023 - Comments Off on Unmasking AI: The Complexities of Bias and Representation for South Asian Women

Unmasking AI: The Complexities of Bias and Representation for South Asian Women

By Anmol Irfan

Following the popularity of Lensa AI - the generative AI platform that created portraits for users -  in Pakistan last year, AI and its impact on everyday users suddenly became a common topic. Despite the app being around since 2018, it’s only been with the recent boom of AI-related startups and AI becoming more accessible through platforms like chat GPT that people have begun to explore using these technologies every day - and having fun with them. But while most people pop onto these apps for a little bit of fun - whether that’s getting AI to make them look like their favourite characters or asking Chat GPT funny questions, experts in tech and AI have started to express concerns about the ethics of this growing popularity in AI.

Lensa was one app that started coming under fire - both for its use of artists’ techniques and its racist bias against users of colour. As Mansoor Rahimat Khan, the Founder of Beatoven Ai, points out, these aren’t necessarily concerns for tech companies when they start. “Most of these companies are coming out of the West, and equity is their last priority,” Khan says.

When it comes to our part of the world in particular, these things tend to get more complicated - especially when you add a gendered lens. Tech companies, especially those working with AI, rarely focus on the implications of their tech in the Global South, much less on how vulnerable communities here are impacted by their policies and content. For women in South Asia, privacy issues can be dangerous - and traditions around ‘honour’ and policing of women’s online and offline presence can be a very real threat. So, when there were questions about how the app was storing and using data, women started to worry. But beyond that, what’s equally worrying is the data these apps show us when we use them. As the usage of AI increases, so do the voices of its critics. Women of colour are shown in exoticised and sexualised ways, and even when they aren’t, there’s an obvious element of stereotypical depictions of how South Asian women are perceived in the West. Akanksha Singh, who was drawn to the trend out of curiosity and through some exciting results her friends got, decided not to regenerate her images for this article because of all the privacy issues she learned about between the first time she did this and now. Singh pointed out that race bias was evident in her images.

“What bothered me was that I was being whitewashed in all "contemporary" images. If I included a prompt that suggested I was in an office setting or similar, my skin tone was a few shades lighter. On the other hand, if I included a prompt to wear a sari, I was a deeper shade than my reference images. If I included a background prompt (I recall inputting "in an Indian hill station") -- something I did on Dream Studio, I think -- I got images with a stereotypically crumbly structure in the background. (I was expecting the lush greens of somewhere like Darjeeling rather than a structure.) This is not to say these don't exist -- they do -- but they're not the only representation of what an Indian hill station looks like,” Singh shares. She’s not alone in her experiences. In fact, stereotypical perceptions of South Asian women are being exacerbated quickly as AI images gain a foothold online.

One of the most common pages on X when you search “AI Pakistan” is one dedicated solely to highly sexualised AI-generated pictures of women. One post of Pakistani women shows four images of women dressed in traditional jewellery and clothes, except that their clothing and bodies are portrayed in an overly sexualised way, enhancing their bodies while also bringing attention to their exoticised outfits. Images like this play into Western tropes of South Asian women being exotic sexualised beings. In contrast, the other set of images we see boils South Asian women down to images of rural areas or seemingly “backward” lifestyles.

This post is one example of the way in which South Asian women are perceived. Most obvious is the focus on heavy jewellery and heavy clothes, which are rarely seen in everyday life. The obvious issue is that none of these countries have homogenous populations, so narrowing it down to one woman can also promote stereotypes of how Western audiences see these women.

But looking at a deeper thread of women from different areas in India can also be used as an example of the fact that the previous query itself was limited.

Still, even here, the women all have an unreal feel - maybe because their South Asian appearance seems overdone and doesn’t match realistic standards. The noses look too perfect, and the skin too smooth to be a woman I would meet on the streets.

 

This is another image that came up when I asked the AI generator to come up with when I put in the prompt Pakistani woman. The first thing that comes to notice is the desert-looking background - playing into tropes of countries like Pakistan being backward, underdeveloped countries where most people don’t have access to technology or any advancements.

This second image is also from the same prompt from a different website - and even here, the emphasis on jewellery and an enhancement of facial features can be seen. What’s also noticeable is the lightening and smoothing of skin tones in most AI-generated pictures.

Journalist Sajeer Shaikh also had a similar experience when generating her own images.

“I didn't like the images. I understand that they're a fantastical depiction of myself, but it seemed like the app zeroed in on insecurities I did not have, taking liberties with "enhancements." She shared. She was expecting otherworldly and warrior-esque images she could have fun with - but she ended up with insecurities she wasn’t expecting.

Of course, it only seems like the AI is making these decisions when all it’s doing is pulling from existing data sets, which means more concern needs to be shown regarding the data available for this tech to use in the first place.

Khan, who works particularly with audio - since his company uses AI to generate music - says these biases aren’t only limited to visuals but also words and audio. “We need to ask ourselves why Chat GPT is in English, why customer support has an American accent,” he says. A UN study also found that having AI assistants have female voices furthers gender biases.

Much of this comes from a lack of other information available. South Asian women are represented so little because they’re only seen within certain realms, making many South Asian women feel lesser when they try to do something outside of that arena.

“When I saw my images, I was overcome by sorrow because I felt a whitewashed extension of myself was depicted. It raised questions about why the software seemed to struggle to depict me as I am, with embellishments that didn't pertain to my skin or eye colour or even weight in some cases. You start questioning things about yourself, wondering, "What if I looked like this," and if that "what if" is a better version of yourself. It's not, of course, but AI protecting these depictions adds to the age-old issue of misrepresentation and perpetuating the idea of one kind of beautiful,” Shaikh says.

Many prominent Pakistani women like RJ Anoushey Ashraf and influencer Karachista also hopped onto the trend. Ashraf’s observations about how she could use the app to enhance her East Asian features - after finding out that her genes have East Asian traces - were both exciting and a bit scary. In a region where women are already objectified, what does it mean when certain features can be changed at will, and how does it impact perceptions South Asian women have of themselves or how others perceive them?

Mahnoor Qureshi, a freelance journalist, turned to AI tools and editors as the next step in editing her pictures. She used Snapchat and its tools frequently, sharing that being a victim of bullying since childhood - whether it was being told she looked bulky or comments on her nose - led her to these editing tools to make her feel better. She’s been using AI Photo Generator for five to six months now, but she noticed that it overdid her pictures and features in about 5-6% of her pictures, making her skin look doll-like and giving her unnaturally perfect teeth. Even though this was only in a small percentage of her pictures, Qureshi notices that “we are moving towards an unreal world, and we won’t accept ourselves and move towards surgeries and botox.”

“I believe the women are mostly insecure due to their skin texture. They want clear and even-toned skin. These images, generated by AI, consist of flawless, clear skin. Also, I have noticed that South Asian women are brown. But they really want to look one or two tones lighter than their original skin tone. The AI-generated images are 2 or 3 tones lighter than the original ones,” Qureshi adds.

In a digital world where the data hardly includes the diversity of South Asians, much less South Asian women - there’s a long way to go in challenging stereotypical data. Khan points out that these issues actually existed long before generative AI became common, and actually, its everyday use has allowed researchers and creators to identify it as a problem.  “If you’re conscious of different regions, the outcome will be more impactful. Currently, there’s no representation of South Asian people or women inside these models - but I’d also like to say this is a very early phase for these technologies, where researchers have also identified these problems - so over a period of time, they do want to make sure these models are as unbiased as possible,” he says.

It’s also equally important to note that even just encompassing the diversity present under the term ‘South Asian women’ in a single article or one person’s approach is almost impossible. So, while the term is used broadly to signal the common problems women face in the region, it can’t begin to justify the experiences of vulnerable women across class, religion and background who have seen a less privileged life. Even when South Asian women are represented, it is often a privileged group - which globally can mean upper caste Hindus, but also depends on the country. In Pakistan, this often means upper-class, elite Muslim women - usually Punjabi.

“ I feel as though "South Asian" encompasses such a diverse group of people of varied races and ethnicities -- it wouldn’t be fair of me to speak on behalf of everyone. However, as someone from a more privileged and more represented (both globally and domestically) South Asian background, if AI image generation is presenting hiccoughs for me, then what is it doing with or to less represented South Asians?” Singh acknowledges this when talking about her thoughts on her AI images and how they made her feel.

She also rightfully points out that these images may be fun for many users, but the implications can be dangerous.

“Limited representation is never ideal. To draw on my point above, I will say that if we're using these same algorithms for things like law enforcement down the line, I worry we're not taking this seriously. This tech isn't all fluff, after all. If you saw that NYT article from a week or so ago -- where a different Black woman (who happened to be pregnant) was falsely accused of a crime due to faulty AI-powered facial recognition -- you know that we're not thinking of the Black Mirror potential this technology has.”

September 15, 2023 - Comments Off on Digital Rights Foundation celebrates Seven Years of Resilient Voices in the Media through it’s conference

Digital Rights Foundation celebrates Seven Years of Resilient Voices in the Media through it’s conference

PRESS RELEASE
September 15, 2023

ISLAMABAD: Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) held a conference titled, ‘Celebrating Resilient Voices in the Media’ on  Friday, 15th September 2023 at Mariott Hotel, Islamabad. The conference was marked as a celebratory event of DRF’s work and achievements with women journalists in the country, particularly through its Network of Women Journalists for Digital Rights (NWJDR). The conference brought together journalists, civil society, government representatives and other stakeholders to discuss the state of media and the challenges that women journalists face in the country and celebrate their achievements despite the difficult circumstances they face working in the field. The conference had an exciting line-up of three panels to delve into DRF’s engagement with the journalist community in Pakistan and showcased an art exhibition of hand-drawn illustrations from DRF’s magazine, Digital 50.50.

The event started off with welcome remarks by Maryam Saeed, Program Manager at Digital Rights Foundation, who added, “We have gathered today to focus on what we have built at DRF over the past seven years. We are celebrating abundance today, of the relationships and friendships our NWJDR has developed and nurtured throughout our journey.” Maryam talked about the accomplishments of the seven-year project amplifying the experience of working with and supporting women journalists across Pakistan. She also highlighted the importance of DRF’s nationwide network of women journalists which serves as a safe space where these women turn to each other for support and solidarity in the absence of support mechanisms.

In our seven-year journey with the NWJDR, we have conducted capacity-building workshops on online safety, ethical journalism, gender-sensitive reporting and media law with more than 1,000 journalists across Pakistan. In 2020, DRF found Pakistan’s first feminist e-magazine, Digital 50.50, which provides a platform for women journalists in Pakistan to raise marginalized voices. In the past four years, DRF has launched 15 editions of the magazine featuring more than 100 original contributions from journalists and 120 hand-drawn illustrations depicting the articles on digital rights covered in the magazine. We also initiated a trend of annual Residential Retreats for the Collective Well-being of women journalists in Pakistan and have so far hosted three Retreats with more than 30 participants attending each of these.

The 1st Secretary of Political Affairs for the Netherlands Embassy, Ms. Lotte Hofste, shared opening remarks and stressed the need for a balanced gendered portrayal in media which shows a positive effect on both women and men. She also shared concerns about women journalists being attacked online mainly due to the intersection of gender and journalism and how online spaces are unsafe for them to pursue their careers.

DRF’s Executive Director Nighat Dad stated, “This conference is a celebration of the network of women journalists that we envisioned and established in 2017. Over the years, DRF has not only taken measures to empower women journalists in the media but also supported them in ensuring their presence in online spaces is safe and rewarding. As the world is increasingly becoming more restricted in terms of free expression, we have gathered together today to celebrate these women and their resilience and perseverance in working in Pakistan’s male-dominated media spaces.” Nighat also highlighted how the harassment and intimidation that women journalists face act as a barrier for aspiring journalists to enter the field and shed light on the power of resilience exhibited by the seasoned journalists who were present at the event.

The first panel of the conference, ‘Unpacking the Mosaic of Digital 50.50’ was a conversation with the contributors of Digital 50.50 moderated by Maryam Saeed. The panelists included women journalists, Umaima Ahmed, Khalida Niaz and Aneela Ashraf, and Digital 50.50 illustrator Bushra Saleem. Khalida Niaz shared her experience of working on stories from tribal areas in Pakistan and the difficulties women journalists face in making their voices heard. She said, “platforms like Digital 50.50 are crucial to amplify women’s voices through different mediums and local languages to cater to a large audience”.

The second panel of the event was on ‘Digital Rights for journalists and media practitioners: where are we headed’ which was moderated by Benazir Shah. The panel focused on the landscape of the media in Pakistan and was joined by panelists Afshan Masab, Insiya Syed, Fauzia Yazdani and Annie Shirazi. Benazir's interventions around journalist safety and shrinking media spaces were eye-opening. She posed questions to the panel about media censorship & the role of journalists in providing access to news a vital one at the end of the panel.

The third panel moderated by Zainab Durrani, “From cyberbullying to legal action: online harassment against journalists” was joined by Malik Kamran Rajar, Secretary National Commission of Human Rights, Usama Khilji, Irum Shujah and Hyra Basit. Usama said, “Many media houses do not have policies that cater to women to begin with. There have been instances where women are fired when they are expecting and women journalists suffer greatly in their profession as a consequence of lack of a policy and legal framework.” Furthermore, NCHR Secretary added, “As Commission, it is our duty to identify the gaps in the system. And our complaint system can be expanded and a complaint filed with NCHR will see a recourse more efficiently especially if the state fails to respond.”

Digital Rights Foundation is a registered research-based NGO in Pakistan. Founded in 2012, DRF focuses on ICTs to support human rights, inclusiveness, democratic processes, and digital governance. DRF works on issues of online free speech, privacy, data protection and online violence against women.

For more information log on: www.digitalrightsfoundation.pk

Facebook
Twitter/X
Instagram
Tiktok

#ResilienceInMedia2023 #NWJDR2023

Contact

Seerat Khan
Seerat@digitalrightsfoundation.pk

Anam Baloch
Anam@digitalrightsfoundation.pk

Maryam Saeed
mariem@digitalrightsfoundation.pk

September 12, 2023 - Comments Off on August 2023 Newsletter: DRF joins the Global Network Initiative (GNI)

August 2023 Newsletter: DRF joins the Global Network Initiative (GNI)

Nighat Dad meeting with UK High Commisioner to Pakistan Jane Marriott

DRF’s Nighat Dad met with the UK High Commissioner to Pakistan Jane Marriott in Lahore to discuss the current state of Digital rights in Pakistan among other civil society leaders.

Policy Intiatives:

Digital Rights Foundation Joins Global Network Initiative (GNI)

DRF is thrilled to join GNI; GNI helps companies respect freedom of expression and privacy rights when faced with government pressure to hand over user data, remove content, or restrict communications. They are a growing alliance of Internet and telecom-munications companies, human rights and press freedom groups, investors, and academic institutions from around the world. We are pleased to be part of a network that works on advancing accountability to advocating for laws and policies that protect free expression and privacy rights worldwide, our members are working together to get results.

DRF issues statement on the horrible Jaranwala incident

DRF launches Exploring Jurisprudence on Transgender Rights: A Comparative Study on Modern Islamic Frameworks, Equality, Privacy Rights and Gender-based Violence.

In light of the recent Federal Shariat Court judgment on the ‘Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018’, DRF conducted a study understand the legality of transgender rights from a constitutional, Islamic jurispduence, privacy and gender-based violence perspective.

Read here

Review of 2023: Digital Rights in Pakistan

DRF's interns Rameen Durrani and Maham Sohail this year developed a Review of 2023: Digital Rights in Pakistan of the digital rights space. The review seeks to study the impact on the digital economy due to frequent internet shutdowns.

Read here

Intern Blogs: Creative Freedom vs. Societal Sensitivities

Our brilliant intern Rameen Durrani wrote a thought-provoking and timely blogpost on the limitations placed on creative expression through vague and arbitrary decisions by regulatory bodies in Pakistan.

Read the blog here.

National AI Policy

DRF submitted a comprehensive analysis on the current National AI policy including a section by section breakdown with international best practices and the current complementary legislation. Read in detail here

Legal Analysis: Personal Data Protection Bill 2023

DRF published a legal analysis of the personal data protection bill 2023 introduced in Pakistan’s parliament. Digital Rights Foundation welcomed the progression of the Personal Data Protection Bill, and raised questions regarding data localisation requirements and independence of the proposed Commission.

Read the detailed analysis here

DRF gives Public Comment on Meta Oversight Board Political Dispute Ahead of Turkish Elections cases

DRF submitted its public comment in a case where the Meta Oversight Board overturned Meta's original decisions to remove the posts of three Turkish media organisations containing a similar video of a politician confronting another in public. DRF’s comment also posited that the removal was against norms of free speech, speaking from its experiences of political speech being censored in Pakistan.

Link to DRF’s comment.

Link to OSB decision.
Press Coverage:
Muzzling digital media | The News

DRF’s Director of Research and Policy wrote about the barrage of legislation that are tightening the noose on digital rights in Pakistan and making it hard for the average person to keep up with all the new developments.

Link to article: https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1097230-muzzling-digital-media

Ambassador Amina Mohamed, Kenya’s former Cabinet Secretary for Education and Foreign Affairs to lead Commonwealth observers for Zimbabwean Elections | The Zimbabwean

The Executive Director of Digital Rights Foundation, Nighat Dad, was mentioned in the article as one of the Commonwealth Observer Group members.

Link to article: https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2023/08/ambassador-amina-mohamed-kenyas-former-cabinet-secretary-for-education-and-foreign-affairs-to-lead-commonwealth-observers-for-zimbabwean-elections/
Ahead of election, Pakistan introduces new laws to stifle dissent | Global Voices

DRF’s Legal analysis of the Personal Data Protection Bill 2023 was cited in this article and the critique and recommendations in the article were highlighted and it was mentioned that it was presented to the government in July 2023 to enhance the bill draft's quality.

Link to article: https://globalvoices.org/2023/08/17/ahead-of-election-pakistan-introduces-new-laws-to-stifle-dissent/
AI Charter in Media: 10 individuals and 6 additional partner organisations join with RSF before the first working session | Reporters Without Borders RSF

Nighat Dad, Executive Director of the Digital Rights Foundation was mentioned

Link to article: https://rsf.org/en/ai-charter-media-10-individuals-and-6-additional-partner-organisations-join-rsf-first-working
Decolonising Data for Data Justice

DRF’s programs and communications lead wrote a piece for GenderIT.org on Decolonising Data for Data Justice and highlighted the social injustices through the datafication of our lives.

Read the piece here
Nighat Dad’s interview with Ayaan Hirsi Ali Foundation

DRF’s Nighat Dad’s interview was featured in the Ayaan Hirsi Ali Foundation highlighting her journey as a digital rights feminist activist working in Pakistan and the journey of Digital Rights Foundation as an organization tackling cyber harassment in the country.

Link to piece

Events:

DRF Executive Director’s meeting with NCRC Pakistan Chairperson

DRF's Executive Director, Nighat Dad met with National Commission on The Rights of Child (NCRC) Pakistan Chairperson Ayesha Raza Farooq. discuss online abuse, digital safety, and ways to protect children from cyberbullying and online sexual abuse.  The two also discussed measures to be adopted in light of the country's growing number of child abuse cases.

 

 

DRF attended a consultation hosted by HRCP on Tackling Misinformation Surrounding The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act

DRF provided its input based on its research on gender disinformation and rising trends of disinformation targeting the transgender and khawajasira community in Pakistan. The consultation was held on August 8, 2023 by a range of lawyers, journalists, and members of civil society.

Read DRF’s comparative study on the jurisprudence regarding transgender rights here.
AprIGF 2023: Malicious Convergence: Addressing Emerging Trends of Gendered Hate Speech in South Asia

DRF conducted a session with POV and Hashtag Generation on Malicious Convergence: Emerging Trends of Gendered Hate Speech in South Asia at the Asia Pacific Internet Governance Forum 2023. Shmyla Khan the research and policy director at DRF moderated the session and Seerat Khan programs and communications lead spoke on the panel. The session highlighted the emerging trends of hate speech in South Asia. Saritha Irugalbandara from Hashtag Generation spoke about similar trends in Sri Lanka and Prarthana Mitra from POV India also presented case studies from India. Rumky Farhana from Article 19 also shared insights from Bangladesh and moderated the session on-site. DRF’s team also presented the work of the cyber harassment helpline and resource mechanisms available to counter gendered hate speech.

Splice Media Workshop

DRF attended a workshop hosted by Splice Media, supported by Free Press Unlimited. The workshop focused on strategies to build a viable and sustainable media start up.

Provincial Ombudsperson Punjab organized a meeting/discussion on better implementation of the Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010 (Amendment 2012)

On 28 August 2023, DRF attended a meeting titled “Better Implementation of Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010 (Amendment 2012)” arranged by the Ombudsperson, Ms. Nabila Hakim Khan, in Lahore. In light of the increasing number of harassment cases within educational institutions, this meeting included a panel discussion consisting of human rights activists, lawyers, and stakeholders from civil society. Starting with a brief presentation on the Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010 (Amendment 2012), the meeting then led to a discussion about introducing methods for public awareness regarding anti-harassment laws, while also addressing challenges pertaining to human rights enforcement. The objective of the meeting was to collaboratively devise a plan to address challenges regarding the effective implementation of the law and to propose amendments and recommendations for strengthening the application of anti-harassment laws.

Training with Human Rights Defenders by DRF’s Legal Team:

On 17 August 2023, DRF conducted a training session with human rights defenders. The session was initiated with a brief overview of the FIA and proceeded to cover the comprehensive discussion on Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights), Act 2018, cyber laws, and defamation law concerning human rights defenders and activists. The discussion further focused on the recent Shariat Petition verdict, which striked down some provisions of Transgender Act, and explored its impact on the community.

Investigative Fact Checking Skills Training with Africa Women Journalism Project (AWJP)

DRF conducted an online training workshop with women journalists from across Africa on the issue of gender disinformation on August 30, 2023. The session built the capacity of these journalists to monitor, document and report on gender disinformation trends in their region as well as providing an opportunity for knowledge-sharing across the Global South.

Peacemakers Program about Social Media and Hate Speech

DRF representatives partook in a session at the Grief Directory and the session was about making young adults aware of the different ways in which hate speech manifests on digital platforms and the safety measures we can take address the issue. This was arranged for their summer interns.

DRF’s Online Safety Training Session at Maati TV

DRF’s communications manager and digital security trainer  gave a training at the Interactive Resource Centre and Maati TV residency for Digital Storytelling and Social Media Advocacy workshop for journalists and content creators from Multan and Quetta.

DRF at Meta APAC Youth & Safety Summit

The Digital Rights Foundation was invited to join in the Meta Youth & Safety Summit that took place in Singapore from the 28th-30th of August 2023.

Program Manager Zainab Durrani represented the organization and delivered a spotlight presentation on the work our Cyber Harassment Helpline does and the StopNCII.org partnership DRF maintains with Meta through which non-consensual image sharing can be reported. The portal then designates a unique identity to each reported image and ensures said data cannot be shared online.

Additionally, the Summit allowed for a robust exchange of ideas, trends and projects that each organization has accomplished or is currently working on, with excellent strategies and initiatives coming to light from Indonesia, Bangladesh, Australia, Taiwan, Thailand and many more Asia Pacific countries.

Centre for Excellence in Journalism Session:

The Digital Rights Foundation was represented in a session held by the IBA Centre for Excellence in Journalism on the 1st of August 2023.

The session ‘Data Protection: Is the law actually protective?’ was conducted online and streamed live via CEJ at IBA’s Facebook as well and can be viewed here.

Zainab Durrani, Program Manager for DRF’s data privacy portfolio participated in the session and addressed queries regarding the latest (2023) draft of the Personal Data Protection Bill by the Ministry of IT, including reservations and our legal analysis of the proposed legislation.

The session was moderated by Farieha Aziz of Bolo Bhi and other esteemed panelists included Mubariz Siddiqui of Carbon Law, Misbah Naqvi of i2i Ventures and Imran Moinuddin of VentureDrive.

Consultation Session with National Commission on the Rights of Child (NCRC):

DRF attended a consultative meeting with NCRC and civil society organizations on “Child Rights Issues, Challenges and Way Forward in Punjab.” The meeting was chaired by NCRC chairperson Ayesha Raza Farooq. The purpose of the meeting was for civil society organizations to discuss the challenges and rights violations that children in Pakistan experience, and civil society organizations’ experiences and hurdles in working on child rights issues.

DRF highlighted that while the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 was passed, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) lacks the resources and staff to deal with the sheer number of cases they receive. This results in many cases being overlooked as FIA has to prioritize based on the severity of cases. DRF explained the need to take preventive measures related to online harms by raising awareness of the youth and educators on privacy and consent, online safety, responsible online behavior and how to report cyber harassment. DRF also spoke about its current efforts with the Punjab Education Department to start digital literacy and safety training with students and teachers in public schools.

DRF Updates:

Cyber Harassment Helpline

The Cyber Harassment Helpline received 198 complaints in total August, with 130 complaints by women. If you’re encountering a problem online, you can reach out to our helpline at 0800-39393, email us at helpdesk@digitalrightsfoundation.pk or reach out to us on our social media accounts. We’re available for assistance from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday to Friday.

IWF Portal

DRF in collaboration with Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) and the Global Fund to End Violence Against Children launched a portal to combat children’s online safety in Pakistan. The new portal allows internet users in Pakistan to anonymously report child sexual abuse material in three different languages- English, Urdu, and Pashto.

www.report.iwf.org.uk/pk 
StopNCII.org

Meta along with Revenge Porn Helpline (RPH) has launched a portal to support victims of Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII). NCII is a free portal for reporting cases of sensitive or sexual content existing online. Once you report a case, the necessary steps will be taken to block the images from the platform.

https://stopncii.org/

 

August 16, 2023 - Comments Off on Digital 50.50: Women Technology & the Gig Economy

Digital 50.50: Women Technology & the Gig Economy

DRF released its new edition of Digital 50.50 on 'Women, Technology & Gig Economy' in July. The edition focused on the role of women in the digital gig economy in Pakistan and its opportunities and challenges. You can read our new features in the link below:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/women-technology-and-gig-economy

 

DRF Strongly condemns the recent incident of sexual exploitation and harassment at the Islamia University Bahawalpur.

DRF Strongly condemns the recent incident of sexual exploitation and harassment at the Islamia University Bahawalpur. This distressing turn of events marks the third high-profile case in many years. In 2019, a similar incident like this took place at the University of Balochistan, Quetta, and later at the King Edward Medical University Lahore.

Incidents like these are indicative of an alarming pattern of misconduct emerging, where at least two of the known cases implicate the chief of security as the primary accused.

Click here to read our statement:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/drf-strongly-condemns-the-recent-incident-of-sexual-exploitation-and-harassment-at-the-islamia-university-bahawalpur/

Online Campaigns:

The Digital Rights Foundation spoke on the judgment of the Lahore High Court (LHC) dated 13th of July, 2023.The judgment is a seminal development in terms of creating a precedent that highlights the importance of the right to privacy, with respect to seizure of devices, particularly mobile phones, during an investigation.

Here the LHC reads Articles 13 and 14 of the Constitution of Pakistan in conjunction to highlight privacy of individuals and declares spying or extraction of data without a Court order to be unconstitutional and illegal.

DRF is heartened by the take of the honourable justices of the provincial High Court, who have placed emphasis on the protection of the crucial right to privacy.

Policy Initiatives:

July was a busy month for DRF as we worked on policies and proposed laws put forward by the government. DRF is committed to providing feedback to all government stakeholders to improve laws and policies and ensure they are in compliance with international best practices and responsive to local context.

Feedback on ‘Draft National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2023’

DRF submitted it’s detailed feedback to the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications (MOITT) on the ‘Draft National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2023’. Emerging technologies such as AI are rapidly informing our everyday lives and it is essential that regulation takes into account human rights and Pakistan’s specific context. Our submission seeks to provide a digital rights perspective and signpost loopholes within the existing policy.

The feedback document can be accessed here.

Legal Analysis: Personal Data Protection Bill 2023

The Cabinet has approved a draft of the Personal Data Protection Bill on July 27, 2023 and the Bill is expected to be presented in Parliament soon. DRF has consistently been providing feedback on all versions of the Bill since 2018 and has produced an updated analysis of the latest publicly available version of the Bill (dated May 2023) raising concerns regarding data localisation requirements and independence of the proposed Commission, among other issues.

The updated analysis can be found here.

Blog Post: Digital Rights in Pakistan: A Review of 2023

DRF’s research interns this summer, Maham Sohail and Rameen Durrani, put together a timeline of digital rights-related events in the first six months of 2023 highlighting issues of internet shutdowns, new digital policies and prosecutions based on digital speech.

The blog can be accessed here.

Exploring Jurisprudence on Transgender Rights: A Comparative Study

In light of the recent Federal Shariat Court judgment on the ‘Transgender Persons

(Protection of Rights) Act, 2018’, DRF conducted a study understand the legality of transgender rights from a constitutional, Islamic jurispduence, privacy and gender-based violence perspective.

The study can be found here.
Submission to Meta Oversight Board on Gender-based Violence

DRF submitted its comments for the Meta Oversight Board (OSB) two cases regarding Gender-based Viiolence (2023-002-IG-UA and 2023-005-IG-UA ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (SWEDISH)), the judgment for was issued by the Board in July 2023. DRF’s submission (available here) highlighted the importance of digital spaces in raising issues of Gender-based Violence and how removing content raising awareness regarding these issues is tantamount to gender discrimination.

Cyber Harassment Helpline Policy Brief 2022

DRF launched its cyber harassment policy brief of 2022. The policy brief aims to analyze the work of the helpline with cases of online harassment and violence against journalists and media practitioners.

Link to policy brief:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Policy-Brief-Cyber-Harassment-Helpline-2022.pdf

Link to Press Release:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/digital-rights-foundation-received-75-cases-of-online-harassment-against-journalists-in-2022/

Press Coverage:

DRF received 75 cases of Online Harassment of Journalists

DRF’s policy brief was covered by Ananke magazine highlighting the 75 cases of online harassment the helpline received in 2022.

Link to article:

https://anankemag.com/2023/07/24/drf-pakistan-received-75-cases-of-online-harassment-against-journalists/
75 Journalists reported Cyber Harassment in 2022

DRF’s policy brief was covered by Dawn in detail particularly about the 75 online cases the helpline recieved.

Link to article:

https://www.dawn.com/news/1766675/75-journalists-reported-cyber-harassment-in-2022

Events:

Nighat Dad at TrustCon

DRF’s Nighat Dad spoke at TrustCon on a panel discussing  her role at the task force report on the future of web by Atlantic Council. On the panel at the event Nighat also spoke to importance of not just saying “civil society” as if a monolith. Being a civil society group in Pakistan is not the same as US. We don’t always engage w/ those most impacted, or prioritize what they flag. Folks not talking about this years’ Pakistan elections

You can see the newly launched report here:

Scaling trust on the web

Twitter Space: the role of women in the gig economy

Digital 50.50 contributors Wajiha Hyder, Sabin Muzaffar and Aneela Ashraf were part of a twitter space on the role of women in the gig economy highlighting their contributions in the second edition of Digital 50.50.

You can listen to the conversation here:

Training with Human Rights Defenders on Digital Safety and Legal Recourse

DRF conducted a series of workshops with human rights defenders on legal recourse and digital safety in the month of July. The team discussed relevant laws with respect to human rights defenders and activists along with online safety tips for them. The workshops took place on the 13th, 17th, 19th and 21st of July.

Workshop on Geolocating Images: Methods, Tools, and Creativity - ETI - 20 July 2023

DRF’s Aqsa Javed attended a workshop on “Geolocating Images: Methods, Tools, and Creativity” which was organized by ETI, on the 20th of July 2023. The workshop was initiated with a brief introduction to the concept of geolocating and image analysis and then led to an overview of how geolocation technology works. Following the initial overview, the workshop delved into a comprehensive discussion of tools, and methods employed for geolocating images by using different techniques, including map markings. Furthermore, the workshop touched upon real-life examples and different online platforms that are available for geolocating images effectively.

DRF Updates:

Cyber Harassment Helpline

The Cyber Harassment Helpline received 250 complaints in total July, with 112 complaints by women and 5 from transgender persons. If you’re encountering a problem online, you can reach out to our helpline at 0800-39393, email us at helpdesk@digitalrightsfoundation.pk or reach out to us on our social media accounts. We’re available for assistance from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday to Sunday.

DRF NCHR Complaint Cell for Journalists

DRF and NCHR are operating a Complaint Cell to support journalists that have been the target of human rights abuses. The contact information for the Journalist Complaint Cell is available on the NCHR website at https://nchr.gov.pk/contact-us/

IWF Portal

DRF in collaboration with Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) and the Global Fund to End Violence Against Children launched a portal to combat children’s online safety in Pakistan. The new portal allows internet users in Pakistan to anonymously report child sexual abuse material in three different languages- English, Urdu, and Pashto.

www.report.iwf.org.uk/pk
StopNCII.org

Meta along with Revenge Porn Helpline (RPH) has launched a portal to support victims of Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII). NCII is a free portal for reporting cases of sensitive or sexual content existing online. Once you report a case, the necessary steps will be taken to block the images from the platform.

 

August 10, 2023 - Comments Off on Creative Freedom vs. Societal Sensitivities: The Balancing Act in Entertainment Censorship

Creative Freedom vs. Societal Sensitivities: The Balancing Act in Entertainment Censorship

Rameen Durrani

Rameen Durrani is a student majoring in Economics & Political Science and is working as a Research & Policy Intern at Digital Rights Foundation for the summer of 2023.

Censorship of entertainment frequently occupies a fragile middle ground between artistic freedom and societal sensitivities. This dynamic is especially noticeable in Pakistan, where cultural, religious, and societal norms influence the boundaries of creative expression. In the context of Pakistani entertainment censorship, this blog explores the constant difficulty of striking the correct balance between creative freedom and societal sensitivity.

While Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression, it also “allows for reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the "glory of Islam" or the "integrity, security, or defense of Pakistan" or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offense.” This provision, amongst others, creates ambiguity as to the degree of creative freedom within a country that has, for decades, been engaged in a battle of achieving modernity while also retaining its traditional values. According to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, “the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulation Authority (PEMRA) has been established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002 to facilitate and regulate the private electronic media. It has the mandate to improve the standards of information, education and entertainment and to enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan, including news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art and culture as well as science and technology.[1]

Owing to its largely contradictory laws, the influence of religious groups and the absence of media literacy, censorship decisions in Pakistan have often stifled artistic expression and discouraged daring storytelling. In addition to frequent film censorship, platform bans have also become quite common. Movie database IMDB was blocked on the pretext of it containing a review and link to a documentary on Balochistan. In 2021, PEMRA also directed local television channels to "stop airing caress and hug scenes" in dramas, as it was receiving several complaints against such content.[2] It is interesting to note, however, that no such complaints are addressed regarding domestic violence as well as other forms of abuse that often serve as the main theme of various TV shows.

[1] Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. (MOIB), PAKISTAN. (n.d.).www.moib.gov.pk. http://www.moib.gov.pk/Pages/178/PEMRA

[2] In Pakistan, TV channels told to stop airing “hugging scenes” in dramas. WION. https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/in-pakistan-tv-channels-told-to-stop-airing-hugging-scenes-in-dramas-423167

Saim Sadiq’s Joyland,  Pakistan’s first-ever competitive entry at the Cannes Film Festival won the Jury Prize in the ‘Un Certain Regard’ category at the festival. Joyland was also shortlisted by Pakistan’s Oscars Selection Committee as the country’s submission to the 95th Academy Awards.[1] After bagging multiple awards on international platforms and receiving a 10-minute standing ovation at Cannes, the film was stopped from release in the very country it was representing globally. The Internet appeared to be divided after the Pakistani authorities banned Joyland on the grounds that written complaints had been received that the movie contains “highly objectionable material” that does not conform with the “social values and moral standards of our society.”[2] The film was later permitted to release after heavy censorship in all provinces except Punjab, on the grounds that they were ‘receiving complaints’ against the content.[3]

Actions like these raise questions about the apparent hypocrisy that is embedded in entertainment censorship in Pakistan as films like The Legend of Maula Jutt that portray extreme forms of violence and brutality are conveniently passed by the Censor Board while films like Joyland that highlight important and sensitive social issues are restricted. In fact, according to an Al-Jazeera article, when an objection over graphic violence in The Legend of Maula Jutt was raised before the release of the film, the Censor Board chairperson threatened: ‘If anyone cuts anything in this film, I’ll resign.”[1]

Similarly, in 2023, the film Javed Iqbal: The Untold Story Of A Serial Killer was banned two days before it was scheduled to be released. It was later allowed to be released under a different name and again after heavy censorship.[1] Most recently, the film Zindagi Tamasha directed by Sarmad Khoosat faced a challenging journey due to censorship in Pakistan.[2] Despite critical acclaim, the movie was banned by the government, leading to financial losses and limited audience reach. The ban on theatrical release denied the filmmakers the opportunity to earn revenue from box office collections, pushing them to release the film on YouTube for free. This unfortunate outcome underscores the adverse consequences of entertainment censorship in Pakistan, as it poses obstacles for filmmakers in pursuing their artistic vision.

So the question remains: who decides what is acceptable? PEMRA has been criticized for being overly sensitive to religious and cultural issues, leading to the banning or editing of content that may not be objectively offensive but merely challenges conservative norms. This approach is seen as stifling creative freedom and hindering the growth of a diverse and inclusive media landscape. Moreover, it has led to a drastic increase in self-censorship as content creators self-censor to avoid offending or hurting the sentiments of certain groups, as they fear facing public outrage or even threats. In an interview with Samaa News, Javed Iqbal’s director Abu Aleeha stated, “My cinema is not commercial. I can’t show characters singing and dancing. I try not to show abuse and nudity, but if I am making a film on Javed Iqbal, who killed 100 children, then portraying him to be someone other than what he was would be unconvincing to the audience. I have to show reality.” [1]

[1] “Joyland” is Pakistan’s entry for Oscars 2023. (2022, September 30). The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2379352/joyland-is-pakistans-entry-for-oscars-2023

[1] Saifi, T. S. (2022, November 16). Pakistan blocks national release of “Joyland,” a story of sexual liberation. CNN.

[1] Joyland film: notices issued to Punjab govt, censor board against ban. (2022, November 30). Bol News. https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2022/11/joyland-film-notices-issued-to-punjab-censor-board-against-ban/

[1] Sharma, S. (2022, October 22). Pakistani film The Legend of Maula Jatt sets a new benchmark. Www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved August 7, 2023, from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/10/22/the-return-of-maula-jatt

[1] Khan, A. (2023, March 27). Name of Pakistani film “Javed Iqbal” changed, resubmitted to censor board for approval. FactFile. https://factfile.pk/2023/03/27/name-of-pakistani-film-javed-iqbal-changed-resubmitted-to-censor-board-for-approval

[1] https://tribune.com.pk/author/328. (2023, August 3). “Zindagi Tamasha” to release on YouTube, Vimeo. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2429079/sarmad-khoosats-passion-project-zindagi-tamasha-to-release-on-youtube-vimeo

 

While it is true that petitions to ban certain entertainment content in Pakistan often come from the public, it is important to understand that the majority's viewpoint is not always indicative of what is best for a constitutional democratic society. The public's concerns should not be disregarded outright, but decisions regarding entertainment censorship must be made through a careful and balanced process that considers various factors, such as the right to information and freedom of expression as well as the consequences of violating them. By taking certain considerations into account, Pakistan can navigate the complexities of entertainment censorship while upholding its socio-cultural and religious values. Like many other institutions, PEMRA also suffers from politicization and a lack of independence. Therefore, the need of the hour is to establish an independent and impartial body to oversee censorship decisions that target censorship efforts towards areas of genuine concern, such as hate speech, incitement to violence, and sexual abuse, rather than imposing outright bans on content that might stifle creative expression unnecessarily. In fact, the authorities need to define these categories in a way that there is a clear distinction between content that serves an educational purpose and content that propagates harmful ideals. PEMRA's inability to differentiate between the two raises concerns about the potential hindrance to fostering informed discussions and societal awareness.

With the world moving towards creating more inclusive and accepting societies, Pakistan appears to be heading in the opposite direction, as excessive censorship decelerates social progress and points towards an unaware and ignorant society. This restriction on information access can lead to uninformed decision-making by citizens, undermining the essence of democracy. Moreover, censorship's potential for abuse of power, coupled with media self-censorship, threatens media independence, minimizing the public's ability to hold those in power accountable. Additionally, it denies citizens the right to make their own choices about the content they consume by disregarding individual autonomy. To foster a vibrant and inclusive society, it is essential for Pakistan to strike a balance between the legitimate concerns of censorship and the preservation of freedom of expression and cultural diversity. Balancing creative freedom and societal sensitivities in a fairly traditional society like Pakistan requires a thoughtful and nuanced approach. Creating a space for dialogue between artists, filmmakers, religious leaders, policymakers, and the general public can help bridge the gap between creative expression and societal sensitivities, leading to better mutual understanding.

[1] Shahid, U. (2021, November 28). An uncensored history of film censorship in Pakistan. Samaa. https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/2464853

July 24, 2023 - Comments Off on Digital Rights Foundation received 75 cases of online harassment against journalists in 2022

Digital Rights Foundation received 75 cases of online harassment against journalists in 2022

JULY, 24 2023: Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) released its Policy Brief for journalists' and media practitioners' complaints received by the Cyber Harassment Heline during the year 2022. In 2022 the Helpline received a total of 75 complaints from journalists and media practitioners consisting of 34 female, 40 male and 1 trans persons. Women journalists are particularly susceptible to online harassment due to their gender, often being subjected to misogynistic and sexually explicit comments. In addition, they may also face self-censorship and professional attacks, which can have significant personal and professional repercussions. 

The policy brief is a compilation of the data from cases received by the Helpline through its toll-free number (0800-39393), which is available from Monday to Saturday, 9 am to 5 pm, and other services such as email and DRF’s social media platforms. The Helpline provides crucial tailored assistance to individuals facing complex and intersecting forms of vulnerability. The policy brief also contains recommendations for policymakers,  law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and social media companies to handle cases related to the media. 

The Cyber Harassment Helpline received the highest number of complaints (25%) from Punjab, followed by (17%) from journalists outside Pakistan, predominantly from Afghanistan. Around 51 complaints from journalists and media practitioners received were of cyber harassment, which accounts for 68% of the total complaints received from the journalist community during the year 2022. Out of these 51 complaints 15 were of threats received by the journalists which (29% of cyber harassment cases). This was followed by a total of 13 complaints of hacking attempts of either the journalists’ social media accounts or mass reporting of their accounts which disrupts their work and leads to a breach of their personal information. 

Additionally, defamation has been on the rise with around 18% of cases in the cyber harassment category being instances of organised and targeted campaigns against journalists on multiple online platforms instigating hatred. These campaigns often employed tactics of disinformation to harass their targets. This was followed by the suspension of accounts of journalists by social media companies. In most cases, there were “false positives” where either journalists reporting on issues of violence and conflict were suspended even though they were endorsing the views of those being reported on or instances where content moderation failed to understand the nature of posts due to the posts being in the local language and contextual barriers.

The policy brief also included recommendations for different stakeholders including the government, media houses and social media companies. DRF appreciated the bill on journalist safety, ‘Protection of Journalists and Media Professionals 2021’ but urged the government to address the potential harm that the bill, particularly section 6, can cause to the journalist and media community. The policy brief also recommended that politcal parties should have internal disciplinary mechanisms in place to ensure that they do not act in ways that harms or exacerbate harms towards journalists. The role of media houses in providing holistic assistance to reporters, journalists, editors or any member of their organization facing harassment online or offline was also emphasized. Nighat Dad, DRF’s Executive Director, noted that “We’ve seen a prevailing increase in attacks against journalists on social media platforms which has been quite alarming. Women journalists continue to be targeted online due to their gender and gender disinformation has been at an all-time high. Our Network of Women Journalists for Digital Rights (NWJDR) provides support to women journalists but more needs to be done by the state, law enforcement agencies and social media companies to ensure their protection.”

Often, journalists, particularly women journalists, do not approach authorities due to fear of threats and bribery, and because they anticipate a lack of results. To address this, the National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) and DRF are operating a complaint cell for the protection of journalists at NCHR. The complaint cell was established in August 2022, when NCHR, in collaboration with DRF and the Centre for Excellence in Journalism (CEJ), held a consultative meeting with women journalists from across Pakistan. The complaint cell, housed at NCHR, stands independently and is able to provide anonymous, unbiased support to journalists facing human rights violations, which include but are not limited to, harassment, torture, kidnapping. These complaints must be submitted in written form; in the form of through letter, online form, email, or in some cases even a message to the NCHR official number. Through the powers granted by the NCHR Act, 2012, NCHR is committed to tackling gender-based violence in Pakistan. NCHR receives and processes a large volume of complaints related to women’s rights, minority rights, rights of transgender persons, freedom of speech, protection of children, and more on a daily basis. Chairperson NCHR, Rabiya Javeri Agha, noted that “Freedom of the press and freedom of the media are cornerstones for any functioning, successful democracy”, emphasizing NCHR’s support for Pakistan’s journalist community.

Digital Rights Foundation is a registered research-based NGO in Pakistan. Founded in 2012, DRF focuses on ICTs to support human rights, inclusiveness, democratic processes, and digital governance. DRF works on issues of online free speech, privacy, data protection and online violence against women.

 

For more information log on: www.digitalrightsfoundation.pk 

Facebook 

Twitter 

Instagram

Contact Person:

Maryam Saeed - Program Manager

mariem@digitalrightsfoundation.pk

Nighat Dad - Executive Director

nighat@digitalrightsfoundation.pk

July 24, 2023 - Comments Off on DRF strongly condemns the recent incident of sexual exploitation and harassment at the Islamia University Bahawalpur

DRF strongly condemns the recent incident of sexual exploitation and harassment at the Islamia University Bahawalpur

Trigger Warning

25 July 2023

Digital Rights Foundation strongly condemns the recent sexual exploitation and incidents of harassment that took place at Islamia University Bahawalpur (IUB), where the university’s Chief Security Officer was arrested by local police when explicit pictures and videos of women around campus, staff members and students alike, were retrieved from his cellular devices.

This distressing turn of events marks the third high-profile case in many years. In 2019, a similar incident like this took place at the University of Balochistan, Quetta, and later at the King Edward Medical University Lahore. Incidents like these are indicative of an alarming pattern of misconduct emerging, where at least two of the known cases implicate the chief of security as the primary accused.

DRF calls upon the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) and Senate/Parliament Human Rights Committee once again. The National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) did take a Suo Moto of the incident and we are encouraged by the NCHR taking up this matter and hope there is effective follow-through in the future. 

In the aftermath of the ongoing situation, systemic issues at educational institutions which have already been highlighted previously by DRF have been brought to light. The ongoing instances have reminded us of past complaints regarding geographical constraints that make reporting difficult especially for female victims; the prospect of traveling long distances to register their cases of harassment often deters them entirely. Even in this particular case, if students from IUB were to register a case under the Prevention of Electronics Crimes Act (PECA) with the FIA, they would have had to travel to Multan which would not only result in a significant financial cost for them but would also be a burden on victims already under distress. Efforts to ensure that no survivor is kept from seeking justice must be prioritized by making the reporting process more accessible and efficient. Addressing the concerns and hesitations of survivors is important and only in doing so can we achieve a supportive environment that empowers victims to come forward with their stories.

Investigative authorities must be required by law to provide sensitized and timely relief to victims. Meanwhile, where such laws are in place, lack of effective implementation and monitoring become the problem. The senate human rights committee in 2019 acts as a prime example here, since it took up jurisdiction of harassment cases recorded on CCTV cameras on campus. Yet, safe spaces for female students have not been created on campus.

Simultaneously, the privacy and confidentiality of the victims must be safeguarded at all costs. Instead, statements by those in the position to protect the women and investigate these incidents choose to question the victims themselves, displaying an inability to take responsibility and a complete disregard for the clear imbalance of power. 

This discovery at the IUB serves as an alarming awakening that harassment continues to prevail in professional and/or academic arenas. Relevant personnel have failed to strictly enforce the rules set out by the Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace (Amendment) Act 2022 and, therefore, have been responsible for the current menace of sexual exploitation in our educational institutions and society at large. It is imperative to mention that the perpetrators at IUB and UOB both were Chief of Security and CCTV was installed for ‘safety’ which rather led to more insecurity and a violation of privacy for women on campus. If stringent and strict action isn’t taken in cases like these it would lead to parents’ reluctance to send their daughters for higher education in Pakistan where female literacy is already an issue.

If you or someone you know needs help reporting cyber harassment, please get in touch with us at the Cyber Harassment Helpline operating from Monday to Saturday, 9 am to 5 pm on 0800-39393. You can also email us at helpdesk@digitalrightsfoundation.pk or contact us on our socials. 

Source: 
https://www.dawn.com/news/1765829/islamia-university-bahawalpur-chief-held-with-drugs-videos-of-students-officials

https://www.dawn.com/news/1578777

https://thecurrent.pk/employee-at-king-edward-medical-university-caught-making-video-of-female-student-in-washroom/

https://twitter.com/nchrofficial/status/1683393720014733312?s=46&t=9DwfaN-p2fv3bkDoJMFkZA

July 12, 2023 - Comments Off on DRF at RightsCon 2023

DRF at RightsCon 2023

DRF attended RightsCon this year in San Jose, Costa Rica from July 6th - 8th. The organisation hosted three sessions and spoke at

DRF hosted a dialogue on “Demystifying Self-Regulation Models for Tech Accountability” with Catalina Botero-Marino and Pamela Saint-Martín from the Meta Oversight Board, Mark Howard Stephens, and Maria Luisa Stasi, Head of Law & Policy for digital markets, Article 19. Furthermore, DRF co-hosted two workshops on “Responding to online gender-based violence: co-creating guiding principles for the global south” along with other organisations from South Asia, Delete Nothing and Point of View and on “Co-designing guidelines with first responders”.

The organisation’s Executive Director, Nighat Dad, spoke at 8 panels and Director of Policy and Research at 3 panels on subjects varying from digital regulations, data localisation, transparency, internet shutdowns, online gender-based violence, and digital futures.

 

 

 

Online Campaigns:

#InternationalDayForCounteringHateSpeech

This #InternationalDayForCounteringHateSpeech let's pledge to make our online spaces more safe and inclusive for all.

#StopCyberbullyingDay

Cyberbullying refers to threatening or harassing individuals online using electronic mediums through intimidation and discriminatory messages.

Let's pledge to put a stop to cyberbullying on this #stopcyberbullyingday

DRF Annual Report 2022

DRF's Annual Report 2022 is out now! You can see what we've been up to in 2022 and all our achievements in the link below:

https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Annual-Report-2022.pdf

Policy Initiatives:

Task Force for a Trustworthy Future Web’s report

DRF’s Nighat Dad is now part of the steering committee and bringing the perspective of the global majority in the report by the task Force for a Trustworthy Future Web.

Click here for more information:

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/scaling-trust/

Press Release:

Gender and the Disaster Response Framework in Pakistan

Last year, our contributor for Digital 50.50, Sana Rizwan Gondal, wrote about Gender & the Disaster Response Framework in Pakistan. A year ahead, we are sharing this to shed light on how relevant it is to talk about disaster response amid the current monsoon & flooding situation.

Read the piece here:

https://www.canva.com/design/DAFQBoYqigE/ukiaqgpXqr1MspxP1ogJAQ/view?utm_content=DAFQBoYqigE&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=homepage_design_menu#5

Events:

Chatham House Rules Cyber Conference 2023

DRF’s Nighat Dad spoke at the Chatham House Cyber Conference and discussed how we can make an open and free internet a reality in an increasingly fragmented world.

London Tech Week

DRF’s Nighat Dad spoke at the London Tech Week focusing on how the internet has empowered women and how technological innovations are important in this day and age.

DRF at NUR Student Leadership Program

DRF’s Seerat Khan conducted a workshop with Nur Student Leadership program on Anti Cyberbullying and Digital awareness with young adults from olevels and alevels. A discussion around what is cyberbullying, consent and safe practices online took place at the workshop.

Sub Regional Launch Addressing Hate Speech Through Education - Nepal 20 - 21 June 2023

DRF was part of the sub-regional launch addressing hate speech through education in Nepal with other UN agencies, regulatory bodies, internet and social media companies, educational stakeholders and youth leaders throughout South Asia in Kathmandu, Nepal on 20 and 21 June 2023. The event marked the launch of the new policy guide published in English – Addressing Hate Speech through Education: a guide for Policy-makers. The event explored the root causes of hate speech in the region and the role that education can play to counter-narratives of hate and promote global citizenship and digital citizenship based on human rights.

Legal Experts Consultation on the Implementation of the Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence (Amendment) Act 2022

DRF participated in a consultation arranged by the Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, LUMS, Social Welfare Department Government of Punjab, Punjab Women Protection Authority (PWPA) and Dastak Charitable on the 5th and 6th June. The dialogue between the participants entailed reviewing and discussing the implementation of the Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act 2016 in light of Sindh’s approach. Besides the procedural and legal ambiguities persistent within the Act, the problems faced by lawyers and human rights defenders were also elaborated upon. The consultation was a healthy discussion about basic women rights and the available forums for women to seek redressal for their domestic issues.

DRF conducted two workshops with the journalist community in Lahore and Islamabad on the 14th and 21st June 2023

As part of DRF’s ongoing work on online safety, DRF conducted two workshops in June with the journalist community to build their capacity in using online space safely and effectively. The workshops were held on 14th and 21st June and were attended by 33 and 27 journalists respectively. The workshop was focused on enhancing the ability of journalists to better utilise online platforms for their work.

MeedanxDRF

DRF was invited to address Meedan’s weekly in-organization meeting on 21 June. The presentation focused on the ways in which gendered disinformation manifests in Pakistan and its effects. The Meedan community engaged enthusiastically with the presentation and had a lot of questions for Nighat and DRF.

HRCP National Consultation on Enshrining the Right to Health

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) conducted a national consultation on enshrining the right to health in the Constitution of Pakistan on the 16th of June, 2023 in Islamabad. The event included policymakers and parliamentarians as well as healthcare and public policy veterans, leading to a robust conversation from a myriad of relevant perspectives.

Program Manager Zainab Durrani attended the consultation on behalf of DRF and shared our report on Data Privacy in Pakistan’s Healthcare Sector while highlighting the need to push for privacy and confidentiality protections within the right to health that HRCP and the civil society are seeking to constitutionally codify and protect.

Oxford Internet Institute (University of Oxford) Community Consultation on UNESCO’s Guidelines for Regulating Digital Platforms (Version 3.0)

On June 20th 2023, DRF’s Senior Research Associate, Noor Waheed,  participated in a hybrid online/in-person community consultation organized by the  Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford to discuss UNESCO’s v3.0 draft of the Guidelines on Regulating Digital Platforms. The session brought together a remarkable group of participants from various stakeholder groups, including doctoral candidates, researchers, policy makers etc. each offering unique research interests and global perspectives, and valuable insights on contentious perspectives that had emerged in previous rounds of consultation.

DRF Updates:

Cyber Harassment Helpline

The Cyber Harassment Helpline received 195 complaints in June, with 55% of the cases being of women. If you’re encountering a problem online, you can reach out to our helpline at 0800-39393, email us at helpdesk@digitalrightsfoundation.pk or reach out to us on our social media accounts. We’re available for assistance from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday to Sunday.

DRF NCHR Complaint Cell for Journalists

DRF and NCHR are operating a Complaint Cell to support journalists that have been the target of human rights abuses. The contact information for the Journalist Complaint Cell is available on the NCHR website at https://nchr.gov.pk/contact-us/

IWF Portal

DRF in collaboration with Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) and the Global Fund to End Violence Against Children launched a portal to combat children’s online safety in Pakistan. The new portal allows internet users in Pakistan to anonymously report child sexual abuse material in three different languages- English, Urdu, and Pashto.

www.report.iwf.org.uk/pk
StopNCII.org

Meta along with Revenge Porn Helpline (RPH) has launched a portal to support victims of Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII). NCII is a free portal for reporting cases of sensitive or sexual content existing online. Once you report a case, the necessary steps will be taken to block the images from the platform.

July 4, 2023 - Comments Off on سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز مختلف لوکل میینیو فیکچرنگ صنعتوں کے کاروبار میں کیا کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں

سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز مختلف لوکل میینیو فیکچرنگ صنعتوں کے کاروبار میں کیا کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں

 زنیرہ رفیع

سوشل میڈیا  اور "انفلوئینسرز" نہ صرف ملک میں ڈیجیٹل منظر پر

 غلبہ حاصل کر رہے ہیں بلکہ کمپنیوں اور تنظیموں کے لیے کروڑوں روپے کی آمدنی پیدا کر رہے ہیں، جو اپنی مصنوعات کو فروخت کرنے اور روزمرہ کے صارفین سے منسلک رہنے کے لیے سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز کا سہارا لے رہے ہیں

سوشل میڈیا کا بڑھتا ہوا رجحان نہ صرف روایتی اشتہاری طریقوں جیسے کہ ٹی وی، پرنٹ میڈیا کو پیچھے چھوڑ رہا ہے، بلکہ بہت تیزی سے پوری دنیا سمیت پاکستان میں بھی کاروبار کے مواقعوں کو بڑھا رہا ہے ۔ ڈیجیٹل دنیا کے موجودہ دور نے ہر چیز کو ایک  کلک کے ماتحت کر دیا ہے۔ اور جیسا کہ مستقبل کی قوت خرید نوجوانوں کے پاس ہے، کاروباری افراد اب اس بات سے باخوبی واقف ہیں کہ  انسٹاگرام، فیس بک یا ٹک ٹاک  انفلوئینسرز کے ذریعے ان کے کاروبار کو فروغ ملے گا۔

کرونا وبا کے دوران خواتین انفلوئنسرز نے نہ صرف چھوٹے کاروباروں سے فروخت کے رجحان میں اضافہ کیا ہے بلکہ نئے کاروباری لوگوں کو بھی آن لائن انڈسٹری سے متعارف کروایا ہے-

واضح رہے کہ سوشل میڈیا پاکستانی صارفین پر بہت گہرا اثر ڈال رہا ہے۔ پاکستان کی واحد انفلوئینسر مارکیٹنگ کمپنی ’’ولی‘‘ کی 2021 سے 2022 کی  ریسرچ کے مطابق پاکستان میں ایک ہزار سے زائد مارکیٹنگ مہمات چلائی گئیں جنکا مشترکہ ہدف 500 ملین سے زائد تھا جس سے یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ پاکستان میں سوشل میڈیا کتنا اثرانداز ہورہا ہے-

پاکستان ٹیلی کمیونیکیشن اتھارٹی (پی ٹی اے) کی ایک رپورٹ کے مطابق، پاکستانیوں کے مختلف سوشل میڈیا پلیٹ فارمز پر 217.1 ملین پروفائلز ہیں، جن میں سے 70.1 ملین فعال سوشل میڈیا صارفین ہیں۔

ولی کی رپورٹ کے مطابق پاکستان میں خواتین انفلوئینسرز کی تعداد مردوں کے مقابلے میں زیادہ ہے، کیونکہ سوشل میڈیا پر اثر انداز ہونے والی خواتین برانڈز کے لیے زیادہ پیسہ اورخریدار لاتی ہیں خاص طور پر ان برانڈز کے لیے جو فیشن یا طرزِ زندگی سے متعلق مصنوعات اور خدمات کو  فروخت کرتی ہیں۔  رپورٹ کے مطابق پاکستانی سوشل میڈیا اسٹارز کو بین الاقوامی سطح پر اپنے ہم منصبوں پر برتری حاصل ہے،کیونکہ  وہ نہ صرف کثیر لسانی، متنوع شکل و صورت رکھتے ہیں۔ بلکہ عالمی زبان(انگریزی) میں بات چیت کرنے کے قابل ہیں، جو خاص طور پر پڑوسی مشرق وسطیٰ کے خطے کے حریفوں کے پاس نہیں ہے ۔ اور اگر قومی سطح پر پاکستانی انفلوئینسرز کی حوصلہ افزائی کی جائے، تو پاکستان اپنے سوشل میڈیا انفلوئیسرز کے ذریعے غیر ملکی صارفین کو بھی متوجہ کر سکتا ہے۔ اور پاکستان میں ایک بڑے پیمانے پر زرمبادلہ کے ذخائر لا سکتے ہیں

 ولی کمپنی کی انفلوئینسر پرفارمنس لیڈ قرۃالعین فاطمہ راشد کہتی ہیں کہ ’ پاکستان میں کل کتنے انفلوئینسرز اس وقت موجود ہیں۔ اس کے متعلق صیحیح اعدادوشمار بتانا تھوڑا مشکل ہے۔ مگر کچھ مارکیٹنگ پلیٹ فارمز کے  اشتراک  کے مطابق مختلف اعداد و شمار موجود ہیں اور اس بنیاد پر ہمارا اندازہ ہے کہ اس وقت تقریباً 500,000 سے زیادہ فعال انفلوئینسرز مختلف پلیٹ فارمز پر موجود ہیں۔اور ولی کمپنی سے رجسٹرڈ انفلوئنسرز کی تعداد اس وقت تقریباً 1 لاکھ 58 ہزار ہیں, جہاں تک خواتین انفلوئنسرز کی بات ہے اگر مارکیٹنگ کیمپینز کو دیکھا جائے تو انسٹاگرام اور ٹک ٹاک پر خواتین کی ایک بڑی تعداد نظر ہے. جس سے اس بات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے کہ خواتین کتنا زیادہ مارکیٹنگ میں اپنا کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں، ان کا مزید کہنا تھا کہ کوئ بھی بڑا برانڈ اٹھا کر دیکھ لیں، خواتین ہی نظر آتی ہیں. کیونکہ فیشن انڈسٹری انفلوئنسر مارکیٹنگ پر بہت پیسہ لگا رہی ہے کیونکہ بہت سے انفلوئنسرز کے ملین میں فالورز ہیں اور اس طرح وہ برانڈ 3 گناہ سے بھی زیادہ پیسے کما رہے ہوتے ہیں

ثانیہ سعید فیشن اور لائف اسٹائل بلاگر ہیں جن کے 137 ہزار فالوورز ہیں، انہوں سے خواتین کے اکانومی میں کردار کے حوالے سے بات کرتے ہوئے بتایا کہ خواتین انفلوئنسرز اس وقت ہرچھوٹے اور بڑے برانڈ کے لیے کام کر رہی ہیں اور پچھلے کچھ عرصے میں خواتین انفلوئنسرز کا رجحان کافی زیادہ بڑھ چکا ہے. جو کہ ایک خوش آئند بات ہے، اور اس چیز سے ظاہر ہوتا ہے کہ خواتین انفلوئنسرز اکانومی میں ایک بڑے پیمانے پر اپنا حصہ ڈال رہی ہیں، مرد انفلوئنسرز، خواتین کے مقابلے میں بہت کم ہیں-

ہر انفلوئنسر کسی نہ کسی برانڈ کے ساتھ جڑی ہوئی ہیں. جس کی وجہ سے اس انفلوئنسر کے تمام فالورز تک پراڈکٹ کے بارے میں معلومات جاتی ہے. چھوٹے کاروبار جتنے بھی ہیں زیادہ تر نے سوشل میڈیا انڈسٹری میں خواتین انفلوئنسرز کی بدولت نام کمایا ہے، ایسے بہت سے کاروبار ہیں جنہوں نے زیرو سے شروع کیا تھا اور آج وہ برانڈ بن چکے ہیں اس میں خواتین انفلوئنسرز کا بھی اتنا ہی اہم کردار ہے جتنا ان کی پراڈکٹ کا اچھا معیار ہے-

ایک سوال پر ثانیہ کہتی ہیں لوگ شاید سمجھتے ہوں گےکہ انفلوئنسر ہونا ایک بہت ہی آسان کام ہے جب کہ ایسا نہیں ہے انفلوئنسر کو ہر پراڈکٹ کو مختلف انٹرٹینمںٹ کے ساتھ پیش کرنا پڑتا ہے، انہوں نے اپنی حالیہ سینیٹری پیڈز کی کیمپین کے متعلق بات کرتے ہوئے کہا کہ مجھے ٹک ٹاک پر اس سینیٹیری پیڈ کی آگاہی دینے پر لوگوں نے گالیاں تک دی ہیں، تو انفلوئنسر ہونا اتنا آسان نہیں ہے، کیونکہ یہ سب چیزیں آپ کو دماغی طور پر تنگ کرتی ہیں

ایک اور سوال پر ثانیہ کہتی ہیں آج تک جتنے بھی برانڈز نے خواتین انفلوئنسرز کے سہارے مارکیٹ میں اپنا نام کمایا ہے اور آج انکا کاروبار ایک برانڈ بن چکا ہے تو اکانومی میں ان کا حصہ مانا  جاتا ہے جب کہ اس برانڈ کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کا کریڈٹ اس خاتون انفلوئنسر کو بھی جاتا ہے. اور براہ راست نہ سہی مگر بالواسطہ طور پر اس خاتون کا بھی ہماری معیشت میں اتنا ہی حصہ ہے-

ایمان شاہد عباسی لائف اسٹائل سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسر ہیں جن کے انسٹاگرام پر 42 ہزار سے زائد فالورز ہیں کہتی ہیں کہ انہوں نے ابھی تک بہت سے چھوٹے کاروبار کی پراڈکٹس کو پروموٹ کیا ہے. کم از کم 35 سے 40 کے درمیان ایسے کاوروبا ہیں جن کے لیے وہ کام کر چکی ہیں جس کے بعد ان کی سیل میں خاطر خواہ اضافہ بھی ہوا. کوشش رہی ہے کہ  چھوٹے اور نئے آنے والے بزنس کمیونٹی کو زیادہ سپورٹ کیا جائے تاکہ وہ ان کا بزنس آگے بڑھ سکے.

'اس سب میں میرے فالورز نے مجھے بہت سپورٹ کیا ہے کیونکہ انہوں نے مجھ پر اعتماد کر کے ان پراڈکٹس کو استعمال کیا اور ہر کاروبار کو آگے بڑھنے میں میری مدد کی ہے'

ایمان کا مزید کہنا تھا کہ کسی بھی انفلوئنسر کے لیے اپنے فالورز کا اعتماد جیتنا اتنا آسان نہیں ہوتا، مگر ایک بار آپ کے فالورز آپ پر یقین کرنا شروع ہوجائیں تو چیزیں آسان ہونے لگتی ہیں، لوگ انفلوئنسرز کی زندگی کو بہت اچھا سمجھتے ہیں کامنٹ باکس میں اتنی گالیاں بھی سننے کو ملتی ہیں مگر بہت سے لوگ آپ کی تعریف بھی کر رہے ہوتے ہیں، اس لیے انفلوئنسر کو ہر طرح کی زبان برداشت کرنی پڑتی ہے اور ہمیشہ لوگوں کو اس پراڈکٹ کی جانب راغب کرنے کے لیے ایک نئی طرح سے مارکیٹ کرنا پرتا ہے، تاکہ لوگ اسے دیکھیں، اور متاثر ہو کر خریدیں.

ایک سوال کے جواب میں ایمان نے بتایا کہ کچھ انفلوئنسرز بھی کہیں جگہ پر صرف پیسے کمانے کے لیے بری پراڈکٹ کو اچھا پیش کرتے ہیں جو کہ ایک نہایت ہی غلط حرکت ہے، 'میں سمجھتی ہوں کہ انفلوئنسر ہونا ایک بہت بڑی زمہ داری ہے جس میں ہر پراڈکٹ کا دیانتداری کے ساتھ ریویو دینا ہر انفلوئنسر کو اپنے پر فرض کر لینا چاہیے اور اس میں کوئ شک نہیں ہے کہ سوشل میڈیا سے شروع ہونے والے بھی بہت کاروبار خواتین انفلوئنسرز کی وجہ سے بہت بڑے پیمانے پرپہنچ چکے ہیں اور تقریباً 70 فی صد کاروبار کو آگے بڑھانے اور ان کی سیل میں اضافہ خواتین انفلوئنسرز کی وجہ سے ہی ہے، خاص طور پر فیشن انڈسٹری سے منسلک جو کاروبار ہیں'

نینا الیاس ایک فوڈ بلاگر ہیں، جن کے تقریباً 38 ہزار سے زائد فالورز ہیں بات کرتے ہوئے نینا نے بتایا کہ انہوں نے بے شمار چھوٹے کاروباروں کی چیزوں کو پروموٹ کیا ہے خاص طور پر ہوم بیسڈ کچن، جو خواتین گھروں سے اپنا کاروبار چلا رہی ہیں کہتی ہیں 2 سال کے بلاگنگ کے سفر  میں انہوں نے جتنے بھی کاروباروں کو پروموٹ کیا ہے ان کی جانب سے نینا کو ہمیشہ مثبت جواب ہی موصول ہوا ہے، آج کل سوشل میڈیا کا دور ہے اور کسی بھی کاروبار کو برانڈ بننے میں سوشل میڈیا کی مدد کی ضرورت ہے، اور سوشل میڈیا پر وہ تب ہی ترقی کر سکتے ہیں جب سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز ان کے پراڈکٹس کو پروموٹ کرتے ہیں یوں ان چھوٹے بزنس کو مزید فروغ ملتا ہے. اس بات میں کوئی شک نہیں ہے کہ دیگر شعبوں کی طرح خواتین انفلوئنسرز ہماری سوشل اکانومی میں بھی مردوں کے شانہ بشانہ کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں

فجز آئس کریم کے مالک وقار احمد کہتے ہیں کہ ان کے کاروبار کو آگے بڑھانے میں کچھ بلاگرز کا بہت اہم کردار ہے- وہ کہتے ہیں کہ جب انہوں نے کاروبار شروع کیا تو ان کے پاس اتنے پیسے نہیں تھے کہ وہ اپنی مشہوری کروا سکیں مگر ایک دوست کے مشورے پر انہوں نے ایک بلاگر کو چند ہزار دے کر اپنی آئس کریم کی مشہورکروائی، جس کے بعد ان کی سیل میں تھوڑا اضافہ ہوا، اور اس کے بعد انہوں نے دو سے تین مختلف خواتین بلاگرز کے ذریعے اپنی سوشل میڈیا تک رسائی کے لیے پروموشن کروائی اور انہوں نے اپنا سوشل میڈیا پر اکاؤنٹ بھی بنوایا جس کی شروعات زیرو سے تھی آج ان کے فالورز میں کافی حد تک اضافہ ہوا ہے-

"سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز کے ذریعے میری آئس کریم کی ویڈیوز تقریباً 82  ہزار لوگوں تک پہنچی ہے، جو کہ مجھ جیسے چھوٹے کاروباری شخص کے لیے ایک بہت بڑی کامیابی ہے. جب لوگ آکر کہتے ہیں کہ ہم نے انسٹاگرام یا فیس بک پر آپ کی آئس کریم دیکھی تھی اور اسی لیے ہم کھانے آئے ہیں تو بہت خوشی ہوتی ہے. ورنہ آج کے دور میں کاروبار کو چلانا کوئی آسان کام نہیں ہے مگر سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز کے باعث ہم چھوٹے کاروبار جن کو کوئی نہیں جانتا، پھر لوگ جاننے لگتے ہیں "

ایک سوال کے جواب میں انہوں نے بتایا کہ ہر چھوٹے سے چھوٹا کاروبار بھی چاہتا ہے کہ خاص طور پر خواتین انفلوئنسرز کے ذریعے اپنی پراڈکت کی پروموشن کروائی جائے تاکہ ان کی سیل میں اضافہ ہو اور ان کا کاروبار ترقی کرے۔

کراچی انسٹیٹیوٹ آف بزنس ایڈمنسٹریشن (آئ بی آے) کے پروفیسر اور اکنامکس ڈیپارٹمنٹ کے چیئرپرسن ڈاکٹر محمد ناصر نے بتایا کہ خواتین انفلوئنسرز کا اکانومی میں کتنا کردار ہے اس کے حوالے سے ابھی تک کوئی ریسرچ اسٹڈی نہیں ہوئی مگر دیکھا جائے تو خواتین انفلوئنسرز مارکیٹنگ میں اہم کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں کسی بھی کمپنی کے لیے اب لازم ہوتا جا رہا ہے کہ وہ اپنی پراڈکٹ کے لیے خواتین انفلوئنسرز کا انتخاب کریں کیونکہ سوشل میڈیا پلیٹ فارمز پر لوگوں کا رجحان بڑھنے لگ گیا ہے. کیونکہ آجکل ہر دوسرا بندہ سوشل میڈیا پر ہے اور یہی وجہ ہے کمپنیوں نے مارکیٹنگ کے روایتی طریقوں کو ترک کرتے ہوئے انفلوئنسرز کے ذریعے پراڈکٹ مارکیٹ کروانا شروع کر دیا ہے اور کمپنیاں انفلوئنسرز کے فالورز کو دیکھ کر ریٹ طے کرتی ہیں جو کہ ٹی وی اور اخبار سے بہت کم ہوتے ہیں. جب انفلوئنسرز پراڈکٹس مارکیٹ کرتے ہیں تو کسی بھی کاروبار کی سیل میں اضافہ ہوتا ہے جس کے بعد ان کی پراڈکٹ کی مینوفیکچرنگ میں بھی اضافہ ہوتا ہے جو روزگار کے نئے مواقع پیدا کرنے کے ساتھ  بھاری بھرکم پیسے بھی کماتے ہیں اور جب ان خواتین انفلوئنسرز کے فالورز مختلف ممالک میں ہوتے ہیں تو پھر کاروبار اپنے دائرے کو بڑھا لیتے ہیں اور یوں ملک میں فارن کرنسی آنا شروع ہوتی ہے، اور نئے آنے والے کاروباری افراد کے لیے یہ ایک اچھی چیز ہے کہ وہ بہت ہی کم پیسوں میں اپنی پراڈکٹ کو مارکیٹ کروانے میں کامیاب ہوتے ہیں-

اور جب انفلوئنسرز کے سوشل میڈیا پلیٹ فارمز مونوٹائز ہوں تو ان کو ڈالر کے حساب سے پیسے مل رہے ہوتے ہیں. جس کی وجہ سے ملک میں زرمبادلہ آتا ہے جو کہ ہماری معیشت کی بہتری  کے لیے بہت ضروری ہے-

"میں یہاں ایک چیز شامل کرنا چاہوں گا کہ ہر آن لائن کاروبار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ اپنی پراڈکٹ کے معیار کو اچھے سے اچھا بنائے تاکہ اس کا کاروبار آگے بڑھے جس سے اس اور ملک کی معیشت کو فائدہ ہو"

پروفیسر ڈاکٹر محمد ناصر کہتے ہیں کہ پاکستان میں ای کامرس کا رجحان بڑھتا جا رہا ہے۔ 2023 میں 6 بلین ڈالر محصول کی امید کی جا رہی ہے۔ اور اس میں ہر سال 6 فی صد کا اضافہ ہو رہا ہے۔ اور اس محصول میں سوشل میڈیا انفلوئنسرز کی محنت بھی شامل ہے-

سوشل میڈیا صارف عائشہ کہتی ہیں کہ سوشل میڈیا کی وجہ کوئی بھی پراڈکٹ خریدنا نہایت آسان ہو چکا ہے، وہ سوشل میڈیا پر بہت سی خواتین انفلوئنسرز کو فالو کرتی ہیں، کہتی ہیں کہ پہلے کوئی بھی چیز خریدنے سے پہلے بہت مشکل ہوتی تھی کہ پتہ نہیں کیسی ہوگی، مگر اب کوئی بھی پراڈکٹ لینے سے پہلے وہ ہمیشہ کچھ خاص انفلوئنسرز کی ویڈیوز دیکھ لیتی ہیں جن سے اس پراڈکٹ کے متعلق اتنی معلومات مل جاتی ہے کہ اس کو خریدنے یا نہ خریدنے کا فیصلہ کرنا نہایت آسان ہوجاتا ہے. ایک سے دو بار ہی ایسا ہوا ہے کہ کسی انفلوئنسر کے کسی پراڈکٹ کی حمایت پر وہ پراڈکٹ خریدا ہو اور وہ ٹھیک نہیں تھا، مگر اچھی اور بڑی انفلوئنسرز اپنی شہرت پر آنچ نہیں آنے دیتیں اس لیے وہ اپنے فالورز کے لیے ہمیشہ پراڈکٹ کا ایمانداری سے ریویو دیتی ہیں.

سویرا ارشد سوشل میڈیا کی ایک فعال یوزر ہیں جو اپنی اور اپنے بچوں کی 80 فی صد شاپنگ آن لائن کرتی ہیں،کہتی ہیں کہ کرونا وبا کے دوران جب سب بند ہوگیا اور عید الفطر کے دن قریب تھے تو اس وقت روزہ رکھ کر مارکیٹ جانا بہت مشکل تھا اور بچے بھی چھوٹے تھے اس لیے سمجھ نہیں آرہا تھا کہ کیسے عید کی شاپنگ کی جائے، کرونا وبا سے پہلے وہ سوشل میڈیا پلیٹ فارمز کچھ خاص استعمال نہیں کرتی تھیں. مگر وبا کے دوران جب سب بند تھا اور کچھ کرنے کے لیے بھی نہیں ہوتا تھا تو ان کا رجحان سوشل میڈیا کی جانب بڑھا تھا. کہتی ہیں اسی دوران انہوں نے سوچا کہ کیوں نہ عید کی شاپنگ آن لائن کر لی جائے، وہ کہتی ہیں کہ انہوں نے اپنے اور اپنے بچوں کے لیے کچھ آن لائن چیزیں منگوائیں، مگر پارسل کے ملنے کے بعد جب انہوں نے کھول کر دیکھا تو جس آن لائن سٹور سے انہوں نے خود کے لیے کپڑے منگوائے تھے ان کپڑوں کی کوالٹی بالکل بھی اچھی نہیں تھی جب کہ سوٹ کی قیمت اچھی خاصی تھیں۔

"میرا دل بہت خفا ہوگیا اور میں نے سوچ لیا تھا کہ آئندہ کبھی بھی آن لائن کچھ نہیں منگوانا، لیکن کچھ دن کے بعد اچانک ایک انفلوئنسر کی ویڈیو میرے سامنے آئی جس میں وہ اسی آن لائن سٹور کا ریویو دے رہی تھیں جن سے میں نے سوٹ منگوایا تھا اور وہ انفلوئنسر یہ کہہ رہی تھی کہ ان کے کپڑے کی کوالٹی انہیں اچھی نہیں لگی اس لیے اس سٹور سے کپڑے منگوانے سے پہلے کوالٹی کے بارے میں اچھی طرح معلومات لے لی جائے، جسکے بعد میرا اس انفلوئنسر پر یقین قائم ہوا، اسی طرح 4 سے 5 ایسی انفلوئنسرز ہیں جن کے ریویو پر میں آنکھیں بند کر کے یقین کرتی ہوں کیونکہ وہ ہمیشہ ایمانداری کے ساتھ ہر چیز کو بہت تفصیلاً بیان کرتی ہیں، اور اس میں بھی کوئی شک نہیں کچھ انفلوئنسرز صرف پیسے کی خاطر بری چیز کو بھی اتنا اچھا پیش کرتی ہیں کہ دیکھنے والا فوراً لینے پر مجبور ہوجائے جب کہ اس چیز کا معیار اتنا اچھا نہیں ہوتا"

اس تمام معلومات سے اس بات کا واضح طور پر اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے کہ خواتین انفلوئنسرز پاکستان کی ڈیجیٹل اکانومی میں سر فہرست ہیں۔ یہ خود تو مونوٹائزیشن جیسے آپشنز سے پاکستان میں ڈیجیٹل زرمبادلہ لانے میں اہم کردار ادا کر رہی ہیں مگر ساتھ ہی ساتھ ملک کے چھوٹے صنعتی کاروبار کو نہ صرف پاکستان میں بلکہ عالمی سطح پر بھی متعارف کرواتی ہیں۔ جس سے پاکستان میں کاروبار کے مواقع بڑھ رہے ہیں اور ملک میں غیر ملکی زرمبادلہ بھی آرہا ہے۔

مگر یہاں پر ان خواتین کی آن لائن سیفٹی کے لیے کچھ ایسی پالیسیاں بنانے کی بھی ضرورت ہے جو ان کو تحفظ فراہم کر سکیں۔ تاکہ ملک میں دیجیٹل اکانومی کے مواقعوں کو بہتر طریقے سے استعمال کیا جا سکے